Bluetongue and Epizootic Haemorrhagic Disease
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چکیده
Bluetongue virus (BTV) infection involves domestic and wild ruminants such as sheep, goats, cattle, buffaloes, deer, most species of African antelope and various other Artiodactyla as vertebrate hosts. This non-contagious, insect-borne viral Infection is inapparent in the vast majority of infected animals but causes fatal disease in a proportion of infected sheep, deer and wild ruminants. Infection in cattle mostly has not resulted in clinical signs, with the recent exception of BTV8 infection of cattle in Europe. Cattle are particularly significant in the epidemiology of the disease due to the prolonged viraemia in the absence of clinical disease. Clinical signs range from mild to severe and vary not only between species but between breeds and within the flock or herd. Clinical sighs of BT disease are mainly attributable to vascular permeability and include fever, hyperaemia and congestion, facial oedema and haemorrhages, and erosion of the mucous membranes. However in mild cases of the disease, a transitory hyperaemia and slight ocular and nasal discharge may be observed. In very severe cases the tongue may show hyperaemia, become oedematous and protrude from the mouth, or become cyanotic. Hyperaemia may extend to other parts of the body, particularly the coronary band of the hoof, the groin, axilla and perineum. In severe cases there is additionally skeletal and cardiac muscle degeneration. Wool breaks may occur. Sheep may become lame as a result of laminitis and skeletal myopathy. A similar severe disease of wild ruminants is caused by epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV), which, like BTV, is a member of the Orbivirus genus, but is classified in a separate species or serogroup.
منابع مشابه
Emerging vector-borne diseases in dromedaries in Tunisia: West Nile, bluetongue, epizootic haemorrhagic disease and Rift Valley fever.
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